1. Paub meej
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas ntau yam xwm txheej ntawm txoj kev loj guardrails hauv kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb. Raws li cov chaw muaj kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb hauv tsheb, guardrails ua haujlwm deb tshaj qhov yooj yim ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lub cev. Lawv txo qhov hnyav ntawm kev sib tsoo tsheb thiab txo qis kev raug mob los ntawm kev nqus lub zog sib tsoo, coj cov tsheb zoo, coj tus neeg tsav tsheb pom, thiab txwv kev hla kev taug kev. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm yuav piav qhia txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab kev txiav txim siab rau kev txhim kho guardrail nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig txoj kev loj xws li txoj kev, nruab nrab nruab nrab, thiab tus choj thiab qhov nkag / tawm, txuas mus rau tshwj xeeb kev siv ntawm cov neeg taug kev thiab cov tsheb tsis muaj tsheb khiav ntawm txoj kev hauv nroog.
Kev tsim thiab xaiv cov guardrails tsis yog nyob ntawm ib qho kev txiav txim siab tab sis raug hloov kho raws li ntau yam xws li txoj kev geometric yam ntxwv, lub ntim tsheb, lub tsheb muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev phom sij. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov nkhaus nkhaus, qhov chaw siab tshaj, los yog qhov siab embankment seem, kev tiv thaiv qib ntawm cov guardrails yuav tsum tau nce kom tsim nyog. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm guardrail thev naus laus zis, xws li daim ntawv thov kev sib hloov los tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo chim guardrails thiab ua ke guardrails, qhia txog kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua hauv engineering los txhim kho kev nyab xeeb kev ua tau zoo, txhim kho tus nqi zoo, thiab xyuas kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig. Cov kev txhim kho no qhia txog tus qauv mus rau kev tsim kho vaj tse ntse dua thiab ruaj khov dua.
2. Introduction
2.1 Lub luag haujlwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Guardrails hauv Txoj Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb
Highway guardrails yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev thauj mus los niaj hnub, nrog rau lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg los yog ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg siv txoj kev. Los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv yog tiv thaiv cov tsheb tsis muaj kev tswj hwm los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev xav, zam kom tsis txhob khiav tawm ntawm txoj kev, nkag mus rau txoj kab kev tawm tsam, lossis ntog los ntawm cov chaw muaj kev pheej hmoo siab xws li txuas hniav lossis cov qauv siab, yog li tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo hnyav. Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv no absorbs lub zog loj heev uas tau tsim thaum lub tsheb sib tsoo thiab ua kom cov tsheb raug thaiv zoo los yog xa rov qab tom qab kev cuam tshuam, yog li txo cov neeg nyob hauv kev raug mob thiab cov khoom puas tsuaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm ntawm guardrails ncua dhau qhov no. Lawv kuj ua haujlwm rau kev qhia txog kev nyab xeeb, piv txwv li, los ntawm lawv cov qauv txuas ntxiv coj tus neeg tsav tsheb pom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tsaus ntuj lossis nyob rau hauv huab cua tsis zoo uas tsis pom kev, muab cov neeg tsav tsheb nrog txoj kev ntshiab ciam teb thiab kev taw qhia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, raws li cov chaw cais tawm ntawm lub cev, cov guardrails tau zoo tiv thaiv cov neeg taug kev los ntawm kev hla kev tsav tsheb tsis sib xws, tswj xyuas kev tsav tsheb thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg taug kev. Qhov ob lub luag haujlwm no - kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog thiab kev coj ua haujlwm - embodies lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "tib neeg-taw qhia, kev nyab xeeb ua ntej" hauv kev tsim kev nyab xeeb. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no tseem ceeb rau tib neeg lub neej thiab txo qis kev puas tsuaj, hla tsuas yog cov qauv kev ncaj ncees lossis kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab dhau los ua qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse. Guardrail tsim tsis tsuas yog tsom rau lub tsheb dynamic teb thaum muaj xwm txheej, tab sis kuj delves rau hauv kev xav ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm thiab kev xav, yog li tsim kom muaj ntau dua thiab ua kom zoo dua txoj kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb.
2.2 Qhia Lub Hom Phiaj, Scope, thiab Structure
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv thov kev loj guardrails nyob rau hauv ntau yam complex ib puag ncig, sib sib zog nqus soj ntsuam lawv cov yam ntxwv ua hauj lwm, tsim qauv, thiab kev xaiv xaiv. Cov peev txheej ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm yuav suav nrog daim ntawv thov kev tiv thaiv ntawm txoj kev loj, txoj kev hauv nroog, thiab hauv kev tswj xyuas kev tsheb mus ib ntus, thiab yuav tshawb xyuas lawv cov kev cuam tshuam rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tsheb, cov neeg taug kev, thiab cov tsheb tsis muaj tsheb. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm cov qauv yuav muab cov txheej txheem piav qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm, kev faib tawm, cov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv thov, kev txiav txim siab tsim, thiab kev txhim kho yav tom ntej, sib zog los muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thiab siv tau rau cov kws tshaj lij hauv cov haujlwm.
3. Basic Functions thiab Classification of Guardrails
3.1 Core Safety Functions of Guardrails
Guardrails ua si ntau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nyab xeeb kev tsheb, nrog rau lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Tiv thaiv lub tsheb sib txawv, nkag mus, straddling, lossis qis-khiav: Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb ua haujlwm ntawm guardrails. Thaum lub tsheb sib txawv ntawm nws txoj kev tsav tsheb ib txwm muaj vim muaj ntau yam laj thawj (xws li, tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, kev tsav tsheb tsis zoo, kev nrawm), cov guardrails tuaj yeem thaiv nws zoo, tiv thaiv lub tsheb khiav tawm ntawm txoj kev, nkag mus rau txoj kab kev tawm tsam, lossis ntog los ntawm qhov chaw siab xws li txuas hniav lossis cov qauv siab, yog li zam kom tsis txhob muaj xwm txheej hnyav dua.
- Absorbing kev sib tsoo lub zog kom txo qis kev poob siab: Guardrails yog tsim los nqus lub tsheb sib tsoo lub zog los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov qauv deformation lossis, qee zaum, los ntawm kev yuam lub tsheb nce. Lub zog nqus lub zog no txo qis qhov cuam tshuam rau lub tsheb thiab nws cov neeg nyob, yog li txo qis kev raug mob thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom. Guardrail tsim tsom tsis yog tsuas yog tiv thaiv cov tsheb tawm ntawm txoj kev tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov tshwm sim tom qab lub tsheb tawm ntawm txoj kev, suav nrog kev txo qis cov neeg nyob hauv kev raug mob thiab tiv thaiv cov xwm txheej thib ob. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias guardrail tsim muaj kev nkag siab nyuaj ntawm lub tsheb dynamics thiab tib neeg biomechanics kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua hauv kev sib tsoo.
- Kev taw qhia lub tsheb thiab tswj kev tsav tsheb ib txwm muaj: Guardrails yuav tsum muaj peev xwm coj tau zoo, txhais tau hais tias tom qab lub tsheb sib tsoo, lawv yuav tsum ua tib zoo coj nws rov qab mus rau nws txoj kev tsav tsheb, tiv thaiv lub tsheb los ntawm kev hla, tig, lossis lwm yam xwm txheej txaus ntshai uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj xwm txheej thib ob. Lub buffering thiab coj kev ua tau zoo ntawm guardrails yog qhov tseem ceeb qhia txog lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb.
- Taw qhia tus neeg tsav tsheb pom thiab cuam tshuam cov neeg taug kev hla: Cov qauv txuas ntxiv ntawm cov guardrails yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev coj tus neeg tsav tsheb pom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum hmo ntuj lossis hauv huab cua tsis zoo, vim nws txhim kho txoj kev pom kev thiab pab cov neeg tsav tsheb tswj kev tsav tsheb kom raug. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li kev tiv thaiv lub cev, cov neeg saib xyuas tau zoo tiv thaiv cov neeg taug kev hla txoj kev tsis muaj kev ntxub ntxaug, yog li tswj xyuas kev tsav tsheb thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg taug kev. Qhov kev xav ntawm ib puag ncig ib puag ncig (xws li lub teeb ci ntsa iab) thiab tib neeg tus cwj pwm (tus neeg tsav tsheb pom, neeg taug kev hla) nthuav dav kev ua haujlwm ntawm guardrails, ua rau lawv muaj ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo tswj kev tiv thaiv hauv txoj kev nyab xeeb, dhau ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo.
3.2 Hom thiab yam ntxwv ntawm Guardrails
Guardrails tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam qauv, thiab lawv cov kev xaiv feem ntau yog nyob ntawm txoj kev ib puag ncig, tsim cov kev xav tau, thiab kev cia siab rau qib kev tiv thaiv. Raws li qhov degree ntawm deformation tom qab kev sib tsoo, cov guardrails tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom tawv, semi-rigid, thiab hloov tau yooj yim.
- Rigid Guardrails:
- Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Loj: Qhob guardrails.
- Yam ntxwv: Cov qauv muaj zog, tsis yooj yim deformed raws li kev cuam tshuam, feem ntau nqus kev sib tsoo lub zog los ntawm kev yuam lub tsheb nce. Vim lawv qhov xwm txheej nruj, lawv tiv thaiv kev nkag mus rau lub tsheb, tab sis qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub tsheb thiab cov neeg nyob hauv lub sijhawm sib tsoo tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb.
- Yam Yuav Tsum Muaj Scenarios: Haum rau cov seem uas yuav tsum tau deformation tsawg heev los yog kev sib tsoo muaj zog yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv, xws li nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev loj, sab nrauv ntawm cov choj, thiab cov seem uas muaj feem ntau ntawm cov tsheb loj.
- Semi-Rigid Guardrails:
- Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Loj: W-beam guardrails thiab box beam guardrails.
- Yam ntxwv: Nyob rau qee qhov kev deformation ntawm qhov cuam tshuam, nqus lub zog los ntawm qhov deformation, thaum tseem muaj cov kev taw qhia zoo, tso cai rau cov tsheb sib tsoo kom zoo rov qab mus rau lawv txoj kev tsav tsheb ib txwm muaj. W-beam guardrails yog hom ntau tshaj plaws.
- Yam Yuav Tsum Muaj Scenarios: Dav siv rau ntawm txoj kev, nruab nrab nruab nrab, thiab ntau yam xwm txheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv seem uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua tau zoo thiab qee qhov chaw deformation.
- Flexible Guardrails:
- Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Loj: Cable guardrails.
- Yam ntxwv: Kev txhawb los ntawm tensioned cables (steel ropes), muaj peev xwm deformation tseem ceeb, zoo absorbing kev sib tsoo zog. Lawv qhov zoo dua yog nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab txo cov tsheb puas. Txawm li cas los xij, vim lawv qhov deformation loj, lawv tsis haum rau cov ntu nrog cov nkhaus me me radii.
- Yam Yuav Tsum Muaj Scenarios: Haum rau cov ntu uas xav tau qhov chaw tsis muaj qhov loj thiab qhov uas yuav tsum tau deformation yog qhov yooj yim.
Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv ntawm Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem:
- W-beam Guardrails: Hom kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv feem ntau, muaj cov kab hluav taws xob corrugated cross-section kab teeb thiab kev txhawb nqa cylindrical, nrog qhov zoo ntawm kev yooj yim thiab yooj yim installation thiab tus nqi qis.
- Box Beam Guardrails: Siv lub thawv loj-puab steel li kab teeb, haum rau nqaim cais.
- Combined Guardrails: Muab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom sib txawv lossis cov qauv tsim, xws li kev sib xyaw W-beam steel guardrails. Cov guardrails no tsom kom sib npaug ntau lub hom phiaj tsim, xws li ua kom muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo (piv txwv li, qib SBm) thaum tsav tsheb tsawg dua, muab kev pom zoo, yooj yim rau nruab, thiab muaj tus nqi qis. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txawm tias cov guardrails siab heev muaj kev txwv tshwj xeeb rau lawv cov peev xwm tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, rau 49-tuj hnyav semi-trailers nrog lub zog pib kinetic loj, W-beam guardrails yuav tsis tuaj yeem nqus tau lub zog los ntawm lawv tus kheej deformation thiab tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab nruab nrab.5 Qhov no qhia tau hais tias raws li qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov tsheb hnyav hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke nce ntxiv, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv uas twb muaj lawm tseem ntsib cov teeb meem, yuav tsum muaj kev siv thev naus laus zis txuas ntxiv los tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo hnyav.
Auxiliary Facilities:
Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv tseem ceeb, guardrail systems feem ntau sib koom ua ke ntau yam kev pab cuam los txhim kho txoj kev nyab xeeb ntxiv:
- Anti-glare Facilities: Tau nruab rau nruab nrab guardrails, xws li anti-glare nets, anti-glare panels, hlau nets, los yog ntoo cog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab (xws li, privet, azaleas), aiming tiv thaiv glare los ntawm lub tsheb headlights los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg tsav tsheb, kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab du hmo ntuj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau sab hauv ntawm cov txuas hniav, tshwj tsis yog rau cov seem uas muaj cov litter nets, lwm cov seem tuaj yeem ntsia tau nrog cov khoom siv ntsuab ntsuab lossis fiberglass anti-glare panels, muaj cov kaum ntse ntse tiv thaiv.
- Buffer Facilities: Xws li cov nruas tsis zoo (feem ntau yog cov thawv yas daj uas muaj dej), cov khoom tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo, lossis cov cushions sib tsoo, ntsia ua ntej cov txheej txheem ruaj khov xws li txoj kev sib txawv ntawm txoj kev, cov piers ntawm txoj kev, lossis cov paib txoj kev, siv los txo cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm tsheb sib tsoo thiab tiv thaiv tus neeg mob raug mob.
- Ceeb Toom Facilities: Lub teeb ci ntsa iab ntsia ntawm txoj kev sib txawv xaus rau ceeb toom cov neeg tsav tsheb ntawm ceg ntsiab lus. Cov ncej daus yog ntsia rau ntawm sab laug xub pwg thiab nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev raws li kev taw qhia pom thiab lub hom phiaj rau kev tshem tawm cov daus thaum pom kev tsis zoo vim cua daj cua dub.
Table 1: Guardrail Hom, Lawv Cov Yam Tseem Ceeb, thiab Cov Txheej Txheem Siv Tau
| Classification | Hom Neeg Sawv Cev Loj | Cov yam ntxwv | Tej yam uas siv tau |
| Rigid Guardrails | Qhob Guardrails | Tsis yooj yim deformed; absorbs zog los ntawm kev quab yuam tsheb nce; qib kev tiv thaiv siab, tab sis yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov tsheb thiab cov neeg nyob; yooj yim rau kev txij nkawm. | Central medians; sab nrauv ntawm cov choj; cov seem uas muaj feem ntau ntawm cov tsheb loj; ntu yuav tsum tau deformation tsawg heev. |
| Semi-Rigid Guardrails | W-beam Guardrails, Box Beam Guardrails | Muaj qee qhov deformation thaum cuam tshuam, nqus lub zog los ntawm deformation; kev taw qhia zoo; feem ntau hom; yooj yim thiab yooj yim installation, kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi. | Txoj kev; nruab nrab cov neeg nruab nrab; nkhaus; nqaim medians (box beam). |
| Flexible Guardrails | Cable Guardrails | Muaj peev xwm deformation tseem ceeb, zoo absorbing kev sib tsoo zog; zoo buffering, txo cov tsheb puas; tsis haum rau cov seem nrog me me nkhaus radii. | Cov ntu xav tau qhov chaw tsis muaj qhov loj. |
| Ua ke Guardrails | Ua ke W-beam Steel Guardrails, Hlau Beam-Kem Guardrails | Muab qhov zoo ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv lossis cov qauv; tuav tsawg tsav dav, zoo sightlines, yooj yim installation, kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi; tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo nkauj; txwv kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam super hnyav tsheb. | Txoj kev hauv nroog; txuas hniav nrog tshwj xeeb aesthetic xav tau; steel qauv choj; txoj kev nkhaus, kev sib tshuam, kev nkag / tawm cuam tshuam rau qhov pom kev deb. |
4. Tej yam kev thov rau kev loj Guardrails
Kev teeb tsa ntawm txoj kev loj guardrails yog ua raws li kev soj ntsuam dav dav ntawm txoj kev geometric yam ntxwv, kev khiav tsheb khiav, kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim. Lawv daim ntawv thov scenarios npog ntau qhov chaw tseem ceeb xws li txoj kev, nruab nrab nruab nrab, thiab choj thiab qhov nkag / tawm.
4.1 Cov Ntsiab Cai thiab Cov Txheej Txheem rau Kev Txhim Kho Txoj Kev Guardrail
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv txoj kev tsheb yog tiv thaiv cov tsheb khiav tawm ntawm txoj kev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntu uas yuav tshwm sim loj heev.
- High Embankments thiab High Fill Sections: Nyob rau hauv chav kawm II thiab sab saum toj txoj kev loj uas txoj kev nqes hav gradient thiab embankment qhov siab poob nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntxoov ntxoo (Zone I thiab II), thiab nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv III thiab IV txoj kev loj nyob rau hauv Zone I, txoj kev guardrails yuav tsum tau ntsia los tiv thaiv cov tsheb khiav tawm ntawm roadbed thiab ua rau lub caij nplooj zeeg hnyav. Yog tias txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau khiav mus rau qhov sib npaug li ntawm 15 meters ntawm txoj kev, thiab lub tsheb tawm hauv txoj kev tuaj yeem poob rau ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo, cov guardrails yuav tsum tau nruab. Qhov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb no rau kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv qib raws li txoj kev geometric nta (xws li cov nkhaus ntse, qhov chaw siab tshaj, qhov siab siab) qhia txog kev tswj hwm kev pheej hmoo. Nws qhia tau hais tias tus qauv guardrail tsis zoo li qub tab sis hloov pauv hloov pauv raws li qhov muaj kev phom sij ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb, txav dhau ntawm "ib-loj-haum-tag nrho" tus qauv tiv thaiv mus rau kev tsim kho kom zoo raws li kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo.
- Cov ntaub ntawv kawm: Gansu G212 thiab S306 Txoj Kev Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb Txoj Haujlwm Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Loj Hlob tau txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm txoj kev los ntawm kev txhawb nqa, txhim kho, lossis hloov cov chaw tiv thaiv uas twb muaj lawm, tshem tawm cov chav kawm IV thiab V siab.
- Nruam Curves, Nruam Nruam Nruam Curves, thiab Ntev Ncej Ncej Ntug: Cov ntu no muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub tsheb tsis muaj kev tswj hwm vim kev sib tw nyuaj thiab nyuaj rau kev tswj ceev. Yog li ntawd, theem kev tiv thaiv ntawm nruab nrab nruab nrab guardrails yuav tsum tau hloov kho kom tsim nyog, thiab txoj kev guardrails yuav tsum tau upgraded nyob rau hauv siab embankment seem.
- Cov ntaub ntawv kawm: Lub Henan Jiyuan S240 Jideng Kab txoj kev loj txoj haujlwm tau ntxiv cov pob zeb thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab W-beam guardrails nyob rau hauv txoj kev nkhaus ntse thiab cov nqes hav ntev, ntxiv los ntawm rumble strips thiab cov xim tiv thaiv kev taug kev. Daim ntawv thov kev tiv thaiv ntawm ntau yam kev tiv thaiv, xws li cov xim dawb los tiv thaiv txoj kev taug kev, rumble strips, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib hloov los tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo chim guardrails nrog cov tsoos guardrails, qhia txog ntau txheej txheej, kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev nyab xeeb ntawm txoj kev zoo nyob ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev ua haujlwm (xws li, pom / hnov lus ceeb toom) thiab kev ntsuas tsis zoo (lub cev tsis sib haum), tsis yog nyob ntawm kev tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej xwb.
- Cov ntaub ntawv kawm: Ntawm Xinjiang G315 txoj kev loj, nyob rau hauv cov ntu uas muaj ntau qhov nkhaus thiab cov tsheb hnyav, thawj W-beam guardrails tau hloov nrog RG-SA hom tig los tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo lub tog raj kheej, thiab cov chaw nres tsheb xwm txheej ceev tau ntxiv, nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm txoj kab nkhaus, ua rau lub tsheb cuam tshuam zoo thiab tiv thaiv cov tsheb los ntawm kev nkag mus rau tus neeg saib xyuas.
- Cov seem uas nyob ib sab rau Railways, Lub cev dej, cov qauv tsim kev puas tsuaj, lossis thaj chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj: Ntawm cov ntu uas txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau khiav mus txog li 15 metres ntawm txoj kev, thiab lub tsheb tawm hauv txoj kev tuaj yeem poob rau hauv txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo, lossis cov ntu uas nyob ib sab ntawm cov pas dej, cov roj av, cov chaw nres tsheb fais fab, cov chaw tiv thaiv dej haus, thiab lwm yam, yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb, guardrails yuav tsum tau nruab los yog lawv cov qib tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv.
- Tawm Ramp Triangular Areas thiab Me Radius Curves: Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj thiab Class I, cov guardrails yuav tsum tau muab ntsia rau hauv daim duab peb sab ntawm qhov chaw tawm ramps thiab nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub vojvoog me me, vim cov tsheb muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm txoj kab hauv cov cheeb tsam no, yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv.
4.2 Cov Ntsiab Cai thiab Scenario rau Central Median Guardrail Installation
Central nruab nrab guardrails feem ntau yog siv los cais cov kev tawm tsam kev khiav tsheb, tiv thaiv cov tsheb hla, thiab tseem ua haujlwm rau kev taw qhia kev tsheb thiab kev tiv thaiv glare.
- Txoj kab sib cais thiab kev taw qhia tsheb: Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab guardrails yog cais cov tsheb khiav hauv kev tawm tsam (ntev) cov lus qhia thiab coj tus neeg tsav tsheb pom, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab nyab xeeb kev khiav tsheb.
- Central Median Qhib: Central nruab nrab qhib guardrails yuav tsum tau nruab rau hauv nruab nrab nruab nrab qhov qhib ntawm txoj kev loj kom kaw qhov qhib tau zoo, tiv thaiv tsheb los ntawm kev ua U-turns lossis hla kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tsheb. Qhov dav ntawm qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim guardrail. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv kev tsim guardrail systems, muaj ib tug optimization teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw efficiency, nqi-zoo, thiab kev nyab xeeb kev ua tau zoo. Hauv nroog lossis thaj chaw muaj kev txwv kev loj, lub cev hneev taw ntawm txoj kab thaiv kev tiv thaiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsim kev txwv.
- Anti-glare Applications: Anti-glare nets, anti-glare panels, hlau nets, los yog ntoo cog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab (piv txwv li, privet, azaleas), yog ntsia rau nruab nrab guardrails los tiv thaiv glare los ntawm lub tsheb headlights los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg tsav tsheb, kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab du hmo ntuj. Anti-glare cov chaw ua ib feem ntawm lub hauv paus nruab nrab guardrails qhia tias guardrail tsim txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb (xws li lub teeb pom kev tom ntej) ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb thiab tuaj yeem txo nws los ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Qhov no nthuav dav kev ua haujlwm ntawm guardrails tshaj li kev tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo ntawm lub cev.
- Cov ntaub ntawv kawm: Nyob rau sab hauv ntawm cov txuas hniav, tshwj tsis yog rau cov seem uas muaj cov litter nets, anti-glare panels tuaj yeem ntsia tau, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov hluavtaws hluavtaws lossis fiberglass, nrog rau cov kaum ntse ntse los tiv thaiv glare.
4.3 Daim Ntawv Thov Scenario rau Choj Guardrails
Choj guardrails raug ntsia los tiv thaiv cov tsheb los ntawm kev poob ntawm cov choj. Lawv cov kev xav txog kev tsim qauv yog qhov nyuaj dua, yuav tsum muaj kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav ntawm tus choj qhov siab, ib puag ncig hauv qab tus choj, ntim tsheb, thiab kev xav kom zoo nkauj.
- Tiv thaiv tsheb los ntawm kev poob ntawm tus choj: Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus choj guardrails (xws li cov phab ntsa parapet, piv txwv li, cov pob zeb thaiv phab ntsa) yog los tiv thaiv cov tsheb tsis txhob tawm ntawm tus choj lawj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov choj siab, cov seem uas muaj dej tob hauv qab, los yog cov ntu hla kev tsheb ciav hlau lossis cov chaw muaj neeg coob coob, uas yog qhov chaw muaj kev pheej hmoo siab.
- Choj Central Medians: Rau ib qho txuas txuas txuas lossis txuas txuas nrog tsuas yog txuas txuas txuas ntawm qhov txuas thiab lub lawj txaus lub zog, lub hauv paus nruab nrab guardrails yuav tsum tau tsim los hais txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus rau nruab nrab nruab nrab guardrails ntawm cov kab hauv kev.
- Cov choj tshwj xeeb:
- Steel Structure Bridges thiab Thaum Txo Choj Tuag Load yog qhov tsim nyog: Hlau beam-kem guardrails raug pom zoo vim lawv qhov hnyav dua, uas ua rau muaj kev thauj khoom tsawg dua ntawm tus choj qauv.
- Txuas hniav nrog tshwj xeeb Aesthetic Requirements lossis Txoj Kev Hauv Nroog: Hlau beam-kem guardrails lossis ua ke guardrails raug pom zoo kom sib npaug kev zoo nkauj thiab kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem xaiv rau choj guardrails muaj ntau qhov sib txawv, suav nrog tsis tsuas yog kev tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom siv thauj khoom (xws li, xaiv cov hlau hla cov pob zeb tiv thaiv kom txo tus choj tus kheej qhov hnyav) thiab kev zoo nkauj. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev tsim kho vaj tse yog qhov teeb meem ua kom zoo dua qub uas yuav tsum muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev nyab xeeb, kev txwv kev tsim vaj tsev, thiab kev sib koom ua ke hauv nroog / ib puag ncig.
- Ntu nyob ib sab los yog hla thaj chaw uas yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb: Xws li cov kev tsheb ciav hlau loj, cov dej hauv dej, cov roj depots, cov chaw nres tsheb fais fab, cov chaw tiv thaiv dej haus, cov chaw tiv thaiv choj yuav tsum muaj kev sib tsoo tshwj xeeb tau txiav txim siab thiab tsim tshwj xeeb, txawm tias nce qib kev tiv thaiv mus rau HB, txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov xwm txheej muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thib ob. Piv txwv li, rau cov choj hla cov dej haus loj loj hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv, txuas ntxiv-loj ncua kev kawm ntawv, txuas txuas txuas hluav taws xob, thiab lwm cov txuas txuas hluav taws xob, kev tiv thaiv HB tau pom zoo. Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv siab dua ntawm cov txuas hniav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hla qhov chaw rhiab, qhia txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev soj ntsuam uas tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev sib tsoo nkaus xwb tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thib ob (xws li tsheb ciav hlau derailment, ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug). Qhov no ua rau pom kev nkag siab tob txog cov kev pheej hmoo hauv kev thauj mus los.
4.4 Daim Ntawv Thov Scenarios rau qhov nkag / tawm Guardrails
Qhov nkag thiab tawm yog qhov tshwj xeeb hloov chaw nyob rau hauv txoj kev ib puag ncig, thiab kev txhim kho guardrail ntawm no yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg tsav tsheb pom kev hloov kho thiab hloov tus cwj pwm.
- Kev hloov pauv thiab txuas nrog Roadbed / Choj Guardrails: Qhov nkag / tawm yog qhov chaw muaj xwm txheej. Cov Guardrails ntawm no yuav tsum tau tsim nrog cov kev hloov pauv kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev nruj, qhov siab, daim ntawv hlais, thiab txoj hauj lwm nrog txoj kev nyob ib sab los yog choj guardrails, tsis txhob muaj kev nyab xeeb tshiab. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau "txoj kev hloov pauv" thiab ib nrab ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw nkag / tawm qhia tias cov cheeb tsam no raug txheeb xyuas tias yog qhov chaw muaj xwm txheej ceev vim muaj kev hloov pauv sai ntawm qhov chaw tsav tsheb (lub teeb, pom kev, geometry) thiab tus cwj pwm tsav tsheb. Qhov no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav txog kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev nkag siab ntawm txoj kev tsim, tsis yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev.
- Cov ntaub ntawv kawm: Guardrails ntawm qhov nkag nkag tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm txoj kev tsheb lossis tus choj guardrails mus rau qhov chaw ntawm phab ntsa, kom ua tiav kev sib txuas.
- Cov ntaub ntawv kawm: Tsis pub dhau 16 meters ntawm txoj kev taug kev sab ntawm qhov nkag / tawm, qhov sib nrug ntawm W-beam steel guardrails yuav tsum tau muab halved los txhim kho lub peev xwm tiv thaiv ntawm cheeb tsam no tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo.
- Internal Safety Guide in Tunnels: Reflective rings, hnub ci LED flashing teeb, thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau hauv qhov av kom paub meej cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov av, ua kom ci ntsa iab, txhim kho kev taw qhia tsav tsheb, thiab tib lub sijhawm txo cov teeb pom kev zoo, ua tiav ob qho txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.5 Kev coj ua ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov kev taw qhia (xws li cov ntsuas hnub ci, lub nplhaib muaj kev cuam tshuam) hauv qhov tunnels tsis tsuas yog txhim kho kev nyab xeeb tab sis kuj suav nrog kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev pab cuam ib puag ncig. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm engineering uas tsom mus rau kev txhim kho ntau lub hom phiaj ib txhij, tsav tsheb mus rau "ntse" kev txhim kho.
5. Daim Ntawv Thov Tshwj Xeeb Scenarios rau Nroog Txoj Kev Guardrails
Daim ntawv thov ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv nroog txawv ntawm txoj kev loj, tsom ntau dua rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg taug kev thiab cov tsheb tsis siv tsheb, kev saib xyuas kev tsav tsheb, thiab kev sib koom tes nrog kev zoo nkauj hauv nroog.
5.1 Daim ntawv thov ntawm Pedestrian Guardrails
Cov neeg taug kev guardrails yog cov chaw tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj ntseg neeg taug kev ntawm txoj kev hauv nroog, tsim los coj cov neeg taug kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab tiv thaiv kev ntog.
- Tiv thaiv cov neeg taug kev hla kev hla lub tsheb kauj vab: Cov neeg taug kev guardrails yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm txoj kev uas cov neeg taug kev yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv kev hla kev tsheb thauj mus los, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam, tab sis yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg taug kev hla mus kom yooj yim rau cov neeg taug kev.
- Tiv thaiv cov neeg taug kev los ntawm kev poob rau hauv qhov chaw txaus ntshai: Cov neeg taug kev guardrails yuav tsum tau muab tso rau thaum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab ntawm txoj kev taug kev thiab thaj av uas nyob ib sab (ntau tshaj 0.5 meters) los yog muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov neeg taug kev ntog, nrog rau sab nrauv ntawm txoj kev choj.
- Qhov siab xav tau: Qhov tseeb qhov siab ntawm txoj kev taug kev guardrails feem ntau yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg tshaj 1.10 meters, thiab tsis qis dua 0.90 meters. Thaum qhib sab ntawm tus choj yog txoj kev sib xyaw ntawm cov neeg taug kev / tsis yog lub tsheb khiav lossis txoj kab tsheb tsis muaj tsheb, qhov pom tseeb ntawm tus neeg taug kev yuav tsum siab tshaj 1.40 meters los tiv thaiv cov neeg caij tsheb los ntawm kev poob ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas.
- Kev xav tau ntawm tus qauv: Hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub caij nplooj zeeg, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov tswv cuab ntsug ntawm cov railings yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 0.11 meters, thiab cov qauv nrog cov kauj ruam yuav tsum tsis txhob siv. Kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv paj lauj kaub los ntawm kev poob yuav tsum nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kom tsis txhob raug mob thib ob. Cov kev cai ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov neeg taug kev guardrail qhov siab thiab ntsug bar qhov sib nrug, nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis txhob muaj cov qauv nce toj, qhia txog kev ua kom zoo rau kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg taug kev. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov neeg tsim qauv tsis tsuas yog tsom rau kev tiv thaiv kev ntog tab sis kuj tseem ua rau kev tiv thaiv kev nce toj, kev cuam tshuam, thiab lwm yam kev pheej hmoo thib ob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg tsis muaj zog xws li menyuam yaus, xav txog kev nkag siab tob txog cov qauv neeg taug kev hauv cov chaw pej xeem hauv nroog thiab kev tiv thaiv kev xav.
- High Pedestrian Flow Areas: Cov neeg taug kev guardrails yuav tsum tau nruab rau ntawm txoj kab tsheb hauv thaj chaw uas muaj cov neeg taug kev siab, xws li chaw nres tsheb, chaw nres tsheb, cov neeg taug kev hla thiab nkag nkag / tawm, thiab cov chaw lag luam, coj cov neeg taug kev mus thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
5.2 Daim ntawv thov ntawm Cov Tsheb Tsis Tsav Tsheb Cov Kab Guardrails
Cov tsheb uas tsis yog lub cev muaj zog txoj kab guardrails feem ntau yog siv los cais cov tsheb uas tsis yog tsav tsheb, thiab cov tsheb uas tsis yog tsav tsheb los ntawm cov neeg taug kev, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev caij tsheb kauj vab.
- Separating Motorized Vehicles los ntawm Cov Tsheb Tsis Tsav Tsheb: Cov Guardrails yog siv los cais cov neeg caij tsheb kauj vab los ntawm cov tsheb tsav tsheb, tiv thaiv cov tsheb uas tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov tsheb tsis siv tsheb thiab txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev caij tsheb kauj vab.
- Sib cais cov tsheb uas tsis yog tsav tsheb los ntawm cov neeg taug kev: Qhov twg tsis muaj txoj kev nres tsheb ntawm ib sab ntawm txoj kab tsheb kauj vab thiab cov tsheb sib txuas uas nyob ib sab qis, cov guardrails tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau cais cov neeg caij tsheb kauj vab los ntawm cov neeg taug kev, thaum tseem tiv thaiv cov neeg taug kev los ntawm txoj kev tsheb kauj vab, kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke.
- Kev Tiv Thaiv Ntawm Txoj Kev Tshwj Xeeb: Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo ntawm qhov nkhaus, kev sib tshuam, lossis kev nkag / tawm cuam tshuam rau tus neeg tsav tsheb qhov deb, hlau nqaj-kem guardrails, ua ke guardrails, los yog W-beam guardrails nrog zoo pob tshab yog pom zoo kom sib npaug kev nyab xeeb thiab pom.
- Cov Cai Tsim: Nws raug nquahu kom cais cov tsheb kauj vab thiab cov neeg taug kev los ntawm cov cim lossis cov kev mob siab rau, nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tsim dav ntawm 3 meters rau ob txoj kev tsheb kauj vab thiab 1.5 meters rau txoj kev taug kev.
- Nyob ze cov chaw nres tsheb npav, txoj kab tsheb kauj vab tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov siab tib yam li cov kev taug kev lossis txoj kev, tab sis yuav tsum tau tsa kom siab rau txoj kev taug kev uas siv ramps nyob ze cov chaw nres tsheb kom yooj yim rau cov neeg taug kev nkag mus rau thaj chaw nres tsheb npav.
- Kev sib tshuam yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tsim los txo cov tsheb nrawm, tswj cov tsheb khiav nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tshuam, thiab teeb tsa lub cim tsim nyog kom txo tau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb.
5.3 Daim ntawv thov Guardrail nyob rau hauv Kev Tswj Kev Tsheb Ciav Hlau ib ntus
Cov guardrails ib ntus ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw tsim kho, cov xwm txheej loj, thiab kev tswj hwm xwm txheej ceev, siv rau kev taw qhia kev tsheb, kev sib cais hauv cheeb tsam, thiab kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb.
- Txoj Kev Ua Haujlwm Thaj Chaw Ua Haujlwm:
- Isolation Facilities: Conical tsheb npav, guardrails, thiab lwm qhov chaw cais yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub nroog txoj kev tsim kho cov chaw ua haujlwm kom cais cov tsheb tsis muaj tsheb, tsheb tsis muaj tsheb, thiab cov neeg taug kev, kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev tsav tsheb.
- Ciam Teb Kos Npe thiab Ceeb Toom: Cov guardrails ib ntus tuaj yeem siv los kos cov ciam teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov haujlwm ntev, hloov cov neeg taug kev guardrails thiab tsheb ciav hlau kom cais cov tsheb khiav los ntawm cov kev taug kev uas nyob ib sab lossis thaj chaw tsim kho. Cov guardrails ib ntus yuav tsum tau cim kom meej meej, nrog liab thiab dawb los yog lwm yam zoo sib xws nrog lub teeb ci ntsa iab, thiab cov teeb ceeb toom tau teeb tsa thaum hmo ntuj kom pom kev pom hnub thiab hmo ntuj. Cov dej ntim dej feem ntau yog siv rau hauv qhov xwm txheej no vim lawv qhov ruaj khov thiab yooj yim ntawm kev txav mus los.
- Kev tshem tawm ib ntus thiab kho dua tshiab: Cov chaw tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tsim kho yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tshem tawm, tsis tsim nyog, lossis tso tseg; yog tias tsim nyog tshem tawm ib ntus vim cov txheej txheem tsim kho, cov chaw tiv thaiv ib ntus yuav tsum tau ntxiv, thiab rov qab kho tam sim tom qab cov txheej txheem tiav.
- Loj-Scale Public Events:
- Kev cob qhia neeg coob thiab tswj: Hauv cov xwm txheej loj rau pej xeem, cov koom haum yuav tsum tau teeb tsa cov neeg caij tsheb nkag thiab tawm txoj hauv kev raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw, siv ib txoj kev ncig lossis tsis rov qab los coj cov neeg caij tsheb khiav, tsim nyog hloov pauv, zam kev sib tshuam, thiab tiv thaiv lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg coob coob.25 Yog tias tsim nyog, cov koom haum yuav tsum tau xauj cov guardrails, enclosures, thiab lwm yam kev nyab xeeb los thaiv qhov chaw los yog tswj cov neeg ua haujlwm.
- Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev: Cov koom haum koom nrog yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb tsis nyob ntawm qhov chaw kom txo tau cov neeg coob coob los yog khiav tawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Thaum cov neeg coob coob siab dhau los lossis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau qhib tam sim ntawd, qhov kev tshwm sim raug kaw, thiab kev siv cordon sab nraud, tsuas yog tawm mus.
- Traffic Diversion thiab Lub Koom Haum: Thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev loj, kev tsim kho, thiab kev tsim kho, kev khiav tsheb khiav mus los thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv lub koom haum yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo thaum lub sij hawm kho tsheb guardrail kom muaj kev nyab xeeb kev khiav tsheb. Rau cov xwm txheej loj, yog tias lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig kev khiav tsheb thiab kev tswj hwm pej xeem, cov koom haum yuav tsum tsim cov kev taw qhia kev tsheb khiav thiab kev tswj xyuas cov phiaj xwm.
6. xaus
Highway guardrails, uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev nyab xeeb txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, muaj ntau yam kev thov scenarios thiab muaj ntau yam functions, ncua deb tshaj qhov yooj yim ntawm lub cev cais. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no, los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov tob ntawm daim ntawv thov kev tiv thaiv ntawm txoj kev, nruab nrab nruab nrab, txuas hniav, qhov av, nrog rau txoj kev hauv nroog thiab hauv kev tswj xyuas kev tsheb mus ib ntus, qhia txog lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm txoj kev, coj kev khiav tsheb mus los, thiab txo qis kev sib tsoo.
Kev tsim thiab xaiv cov guardrails yog cov txheej txheem kev txiav txim siab engineering uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev geometric, lub ntim tsheb, lub tsheb muaj pes tsawg leeg, ib puag ncig, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw muaj kev pheej hmoo siab xws li cov nkhaus ntse, qhov chaw siab tshaj, thiab cov embankments siab, qib kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov guardrails yuav tsum tau nce kom tsim nyog, uas cuam tshuam txog kev tsim lub tswv yim zoo raws li kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo. Kev xaiv ntawm tus choj guardrails yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog ua tau raws li kev tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo tab sis kuj tseem xav txog cov qauv kev ua haujlwm thiab cov kev xav zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum hla kev tsheb ciav hlau, cov pas dej, thiab lwm qhov chaw rhiab heev, qhov uas lawv cov qib kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv los tiv thaiv cov kev cuam tshuam uas cuam tshuam txog kev puas tsuaj rau theem nrab. Guardrail tsim ntawm qhov nkag nkag / tawm hais txog kev hloov pauv thiab pom kev taw qhia kom hloov mus rau cov neeg tsav tsheb xav tau kev xav tau thaum hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb thiab ib puag ncig.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim kho tshiab txuas ntxiv hauv guardrail thev naus laus zis, xws li kev siv cov guardrails sib xyaw ua ke thiab tig los tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo chim guardrails, qhia txog kev siv zog tsis tu ncua hauv kev tsim tsheb thauj mus los txhawm rau txhim kho kev nyab xeeb kev ua haujlwm, txhim kho tus nqi zoo, thiab xyuas kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig. Cov qauv kev txhim kho no qhia tau hais tias yav tom ntej guardrail systems yuav ntse dua, kev sib koom ua ke, thiab tuaj yeem hloov kho kom yooj yim thiab hloov chaw tsheb. Cov neeg taug kev guardrails thiab tsis-motorized tsheb txoj kab guardrails nyob rau hauv nroog txoj kev qhia refined kev tiv thaiv rau cov neeg siv txoj kev tsis yooj yim sua (peb neeg taug kev, neeg caij tsheb kauj vab), tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv lub nroog qhov chaw los ntawm kev cais lub cev thiab coj cwj pwm coj.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, daim ntawv thov scenarios ntawm txoj kev loj guardrails muaj ntau qhov sib txawv thiab ua haujlwm. Lawv cov qauv tsim thiab kev siv tsis yog tsuas yog cov kev cov nyom tab sis kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm "peb-taw qhia, kev nyab xeeb ua ntej" lub tswv yim kev tsheb. Nrog rau kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua ntawm kev xav tau ntawm tsheb thauj mus los thiab kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, lub luag haujlwm ntawm guardrails hauv kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm txoj kev yuav txuas ntxiv mus, txav mus rau kev ua tau zoo dua, txawj ntse, thiab tib neeg cov lus qhia.
